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Star in the constellation Taurus

Aldebaran

Taurus constellation map.svg
Aldebaran in the Taurus constellation
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Taurus
Pronunciation [1] [two]
Right rise 04h 35thou 55.23907southward [3]
Declination +16° 30′ 33.4885″[3]
Apparent magnitude (Five) 0.75–0.95[4]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Scarlet giant branch[5]
Spectral blazon K5+ III[6]
Apparent magnitude (J) −2.095[7]
U−B color index +1.92[8]
B−V color alphabetize +i.44[8]
Variable blazon LB[iv]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv) +54.26±0.03 [ix] km/s
Proper move (μ) RA: 63.45±0.84 [3] mas/yr
Dec.: −188.94±0.65 [three] mas/yr
Parallax (π) 49.97 ± 0.75 mas[10]
Altitude 65.iii ± i.0 ly
(20.0 ± 0.iii pc)
Absolute magnitude (ChiliadV) −0.641±0.034 [x]
Details
Mass 1.16±0.07 [11]K ☉
Radius 45.i±0.1 [12]R ☉
Luminosity 439±17 [13]Fifty ☉
Surface gravity (logg) 1.45±0.3 [14] cgs
Temperature 3,900±50 [fourteen] K
Metallicity [Atomic number 26/H] −0.33±0.1 [14] dex
Rotation 520 days[12]
Rotational velocity (five sini) three.5±1.5 [xiv] km/s
Historic period six.four +one.4
−1.1 [11] Gyr
Other designations

Blastoff Tau, α Tau, 87 Tauri, BD+sixteen°629, GJ 171.1, 9159, Hard disk drive 29139, HIP 21421, HR 1457, SAO 94027

Database references
SIMBAD data
ARICNS data

Aldebaran , designated α Tauri (Latinized to Blastoff Tauri), is a giant star measured to be well-nigh 65 low-cal-years from the Sun in the zodiac constellation Taurus. Information technology is the brightest star in Taurus and mostly the fourteenth-brightest star in the night heaven, though it varies slowly in brightness between magnitude 0.75 and 0.95. Aldebaran is believed to host a planet several times the mass of Jupiter, named Aldebaran b.

Aldebaran is cooler than the Sun with a surface temperature of 3,900 Grand, but its radius is about 44 times the Sun's, so it is over 400 times as luminous. It spins slowly and takes 520 days to consummate a rotation.

The planetary exploration probe Pioneer x is heading in the general direction of the star and should make its closest arroyo in almost two million years.

Nomenclature [edit]

Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation of Taurus (eye).

The traditional name Aldebaran derives from the Arabic al Dabarān ("الدبران"), pregnant "the follower", because it seems to follow the Pleiades.[xv] [sixteen] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) approved the proper proper name Aldebaran for this star.[17] [18]

Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and so has the Bayer designation α Tauri, Latinised as Alpha Tauri. It has the Flamsteed designation 87 Tauri as the 87th star in the constellation of approximately 7th magnitude or brighter, ordered by right ascension. It also has the Bright Star Catalogue number 1457, the HD number 29139, and the Hipparcos catalogue number 21421, mostly seen in scientific publications.

It is a variable star listed in the Full general Catalogue of Variable Stars, but information technology is listed using its Bayer designation and does not accept a carve up variable star designation.[iv]

Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as the Washington Double Star Catalog as WDS 04359+1631 and the Aitken Double Star Catalogue as ADS 3321. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star every bit H Iv 66 in the Herschel Catalogue of Double Stars and Σ Ii 2 in the Struve Double Star Catalog, and together with a 14th-magnitude star every bit β 550 in the Burnham Double Star Catalogue.[nineteen] [twenty]

Ascertainment [edit]

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to existence near one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. Following the 3 stars of Orion's belt in the contrary direction to Sirius, the commencement bright star encountered is Aldebaran.[21]

The star is, by take a chance, in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, then information technology has the appearance of beingness the brightest member of the open cluster, but the cluster that forms the bull'south-caput-shaped asterism is more than than twice as far away, at virtually 150 light years.[22]

Aldebaran is 5.47 degrees southward of the ecliptic and and so tin be occulted past the Moon. Such occultations occur when the Moon's ascending node is virtually the autumnal equinox.[23] A series of 49 occultations occurred starting on 29 January 2015 and ending at 3 September 2018.[24] Each upshot was visible from points in the northern hemisphere or close to the equator; people in e.k. Australia or South Africa can never notice an Aldebaran occultation since information technology is too far south of the ecliptic. A reasonably accurate judge for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the occultation of 22 September 1978.[25] In the 2020s, Aldebaran is in conjunction in ecliptic longitude with the lord's day around May thirty of each yr.[26]

With a well-nigh-infrared J band magnitude of −two.1, but Betelgeuse (−ii.9), R Doradus (−2.6), and Arcturus (−2.2) are brighter at that wavelength.[7]

Observational history [edit]

Occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon. Aldebaran is the carmine dot to the right, barely visible in the thumbnail.

On xi March AD 509, a lunar occultation of Aldebaran was observed in Athens, Hellenic republic.[27] English astronomer Edmund Halley studied the timing of this event, and in 1718 concluded that Aldebaran must have changed position since that time, moving several minutes of arc further to the northward. This, equally well as observations of the changing positions of stars Sirius and Arcturus, led to the discovery of proper motion. Based on present solar day observations, the position of Aldebaran has shifted 7′ in the terminal 2000 years; roughly a quarter the bore of the total moon.[28] [29] Due to precession of the equinoxes, 5,000 years ago the vernal equinox was close to Aldebaran.[30]

English astronomer William Herschel discovered a faint companion to Aldebaran in 1782;[31] an 11th-magnitude star at an athwart separation of 117″. This star was shown to be itself a close double star by S. W. Burnham in 1888, and he discovered an boosted 14th-magnitude companion at an angular separation of 31″. Follow on measurements of proper motion showed that Herschel's companion was diverging from Aldebaran, and hence they were non physically connected. However, the companion discovered by Burnham had almost exactly the aforementioned proper motion as Aldebaran, suggesting that the 2 formed a broad binary star organisation.[32]

Working at his private observatory in Tulse Loma, England, in 1864 William Huggins performed the first studies of the spectrum of Aldebaran, where he was able to place the lines of 9 elements, including iron, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. In 1886, Edward C. Pickering at the Harvard College Observatory used a photographic plate to capture fifty assimilation lines in the spectrum of Aldebaran. This became part of the Draper Catalogue, published in 1890. By 1887, the photographic technique had improved to the point that it was possible to measure a star's radial velocity from the amount of Doppler shift in the spectrum. Past this ways, the recession velocity of Aldebaran was estimated as thirty miles per 2d (48 km/south), using measurements performed at Potsdam Observatory by Hermann C. Vogel and his banana Julius Scheiner.[33]

Aldebaran was observed using an interferometer attached to the Hooker Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1921 in guild to measure its athwart diameter, just it was not resolved in these observations.[34]

The extensive history of observations of Aldebaran led to it beingness included in the list of 33 stars chosen every bit benchmarks for the Gaia mission to calibrate derived stellar parameters.[35] It had previously been used to calibrate instruments on board the Hubble Space Telescope.[xiii]

Concrete characteristics [edit]

Size comparison betwixt Aldebaran and the Sun

Aldebaran is listed as the spectral standard for type K5+ III stars.[6] Its spectrum shows that it is a giant star that has evolved off the main sequence ring of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram later on exhausting the hydrogen at its core. The collapse of the centre of the star into a degenerate helium cadre has ignited a beat of hydrogen exterior the cadre and Aldebaran is at present on the crimson behemothic branch (RGB).[5]

The constructive temperature of Aldebaran's photosphere is 3,910 1000. It has a surface gravity of 1.59 cgs, typical for a giant star, but around 25 times lower than the Earth'due south and 700 times lower than the Sun'due south. Its metallicity is about thirty% lower than the Dominicus's.

Measurements by the Hipparcos satellite and other sources put Aldebaran effectually 65.three light-years (20.0 parsecs) away.[10] Asteroseismology has determined that information technology is about xvi% more massive than the Lord's day,[11] yet it shines with 518 times the Sunday's luminosity due to the expanded radius. The angular diameter of Aldebaran has been measured many times. The value adopted every bit role of the Gaia criterion calibration is xx.580±0.030 mas.[thirteen] It is 44 times the diameter of the Sun, approximately 61 1000000 kilometres.[36]

Aldebaran is a slightly variable star, assigned to the deadening irregular type LB. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars indicates variation between credible magnitude 0.75 and 0.95 from historical reports.[iv] Modern studies prove a smaller amplitude, with some showing most no variation.[37] Hipparcos photometry shows an amplitude of only about 0.02 magnitudes and a possible menstruum around 18 days.[38] Intensive basis-based photometry showed variations of upwards to 0.03 magnitudes and a possible period around 91 days.[37] Analysis of observations over a much longer period nevertheless find a full aamplitude likely to be less than 0.1 magnitudes, and the variation is considered to exist irregular.[39]

The photosphere shows abundances of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that advise the giant has gone through its start dredge-up phase—a normal step in the evolution of a star into a red giant during which material from deep within the star is brought up to the surface by convection.[40] With its slow rotation, Aldebaran lacks a dynamo needed to generate a corona and hence is not a source of difficult X-ray emission. However, pocket-sized scale magnetic fields may still be present in the lower atmosphere, resulting from convection turbulence almost the surface. The measured strength of the magnetic field on Aldebaran is 0.22 Gauss.[41] Whatsoever resulting soft X-ray emissions from this region may be attenuated by the chromosphere, although ultraviolet emission has been detected in the spectrum.[42] The star is currently losing mass at a rate of (1–ane.6) × 10−xi Thou⊙ yr−one (about ane Earth mass in 300,000 years) with a velocity of 30 km s−1 .[40] This stellar wind may be generated by the weak magnetic fields in the lower temper.[42]

Beyond the chromosphere of Aldebaran is an extended molecular outer atmosphere (MOLsphere) where the temperature is cool plenty for molecules of gas to form. This region lies at about ii.five times the radius of the star and has a temperature of most ane,500 K. The spectrum reveals lines of carbon monoxide, water, and titanium oxide.[twoscore] Outside the MOLSphere, the stellar air current continues to expand until it reaches the termination shock boundary with the hot, ionized interstellar medium that dominates the Local Chimera, forming a roughly spherical astrosphere with a radius of effectually ane,000 AU, centered on Aldebaran.[43]

Visual companions [edit]

V faint stars announced close to Aldebaran in the heaven. These double star components were given upper-case Latin letter designations more or less in the society of their discovery, with the letter of the alphabet A reserved for the primary star. Some characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran, are shown in the table.

WDS 04359+1631 Catalogue Entry[20]
α Tau Credible
Magnitude 		Angular
Separation (″) 		Position
Angle (°) 		Twelvemonth Parallax (mas)
B 13.60 31.60 113 2007 47.3417±0.1055 [44]
C eleven.30 129.50 32 2011 19.1267±0.4274 [45]
D 13.seventy — — — —
E 12.00 36.10 323 2000
F 13.60 255.70 121 2000 0.1626±0.0369 [46]

Some surveys, for example Gaia Data Release ii,[44] accept indicated that Blastoff Tauri B may have almost the same proper motion and parallax as Aldebaran and thus may be a physical binary system. These measurements are difficult, since the dim B component appears and so close to the bright primary star, and the margin of error is also big to constitute (or exclude) a concrete human relationship betwixt the ii. And then far neither the B component, nor annihilation else, has been unambiguously shown to exist physically associated with Aldebaran.[47] A spectral type of M2.5 has been published for Alpha Tauri B.[48]

Alpha Tauri CD is a binary system with the C and D component stars gravitationally bound to and co-orbiting each other. These co-orbiting stars take been shown to be located far beyond Aldebaran and are members of the Hyades star cluster. Every bit with the residue of the stars in the cluster they practise not physically interact with Aldebaran in any way.[31]

Planetary organization [edit]

In 1993 radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Aldebaran exhibited a long-menses radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a substellar companion. The measurements for Aldebaran implied a companion with a minimum mass 11.four times that of Jupiter in a 643-day orbit at a separation of 2.0 AU (300 Gm) in a mildly eccentric orbit. However, all 3 stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion.[49]

Big dipper equally seen from Aldebaran

In 2015 a report showed stable long-term evidence for both a planetary companion and stellar activity.[12] An asteroseismic analysis of the residuals to the planet fit has determined that Aldebaran b has a minimum mass of v.8±0.7 Jupiter masses, and that when the star was on the primary sequence it would have given this planet Earth-similar levels of illumination and therefore, potentially, temperature.[11] This would identify it and whatever of its moons in the habitable zone. Follow-upward study in 2019 have found the evidence for planetary existence inconclusive though.[fifty]

The planetary system[51]
Companion
(in guild from star) 		Mass Semimajor centrality
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
Aldebaran b (disputed[50]) 5.eight K J 1.46±0.27 628.96±0.nine 0.1±0.05 — —

Etymology and mythology [edit]

Aldebaran was originally نير الضبران (Nā᾽ir al Dabarān in Arabic), meaning "the bright ane of the follower". al Dabarān (الدبران) then applied to the whole of the lunar mansion containing the Hyades.[16] It is causeless that what it was following is the Pleiades.[15] A diverseness of transliterated spellings have been used, with the electric current Aldebaran becoming standard relatively recently.[16]

Mythology [edit]

This hands seen and hitting star in its suggestive asterism is a pop subject area for ancient and modernistic myths.

  • Mexican civilization: For the Seris of northwestern Mexico, this star provides lite for the seven women giving birth (Pleiades). It has three names: Hant Caalajc Ipápjö , Queeto , and Azoj Yeen oo Caap ("star that goes ahead"). The lunar calendar month corresponding to October is called Queeto yaao "Aldebaran's path".[52]
  • Aboriginal culture: in the Clarence River of northeastern New South Wales, this star is the Antecedent Karambal, who stole another man's married woman. The woman's husband tracked him down and burned the tree in which he was hiding. It is believed that he rose to the heaven as fume and became the star Aldebaran.[53]

Names in other languages [edit]

  • In Hindu astronomy it is identified as the lunar mansion Rohini ("the red i") and every bit one of the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha and the wife of the god Chandra (Moon).
  • In Ancient Greek it has been called Λαμπαδίας Lampadias, literally "torch-similar or -bearer".[54]
  • In Chinese, 畢宿 ( Bì Xiù ), meaning Internet, refers to an asterism consisting Aldebaran, ε Tauri, δthree Tauri, δone Tauri, γ Tauri, 71 Tauri and λ Tauri.[55] Consequently, the Chinese name for Aldebaran itself is 畢宿五 ( Bì Xiù wǔ ), "the Fifth Star of Cyberspace".[56]

In modern culture [edit]

Every bit the brightest star in a Zodiac constellation, information technology is given great significance inside star divination.[ commendation needed ]

The name Aldebaran or Alpha Tauri has been adopted many times, including

  • Aldebaran Rock in Antarctica
  • United states Navy stores ship USSAldebaran(AF-10) and Italian frigate Aldebaran (F 590)
  • proposed micro-satellite launch vehicle Aldebaran
  • French company Aldebaran Robotics
  • fashion brand AlphaTauri
  • Formula 1 squad Scuderia AlphaTauri, previously known every bit Toro Rosso

The star also appears in works of fiction such as Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) and Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). Information technology is frequently seen in science fiction, including the Lensman series (1948-1954) and Fallen Dragon (2001).

Aldebaran regularly features in conspiracy theories as i of the origins of extraterrestrial aliens,[57] oftentimes linked to Nazi UFOs.[58] A well-known case is the German conspiracy theorist Axel Stoll, who considered the star the home of the Aryan race and the target of expeditions by the Wehrmacht.[59]

The planetary exploration probe Pioneer 10 is no longer powered or in contact with World, simply its trajectory is taking it in the general direction of Aldebaran. It is expected to brand its closest approach in most two million years.[lx]

The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach proposed the name aldebaranium (chemical symbol Ad) for a rare earth chemical element that he (amongst others) had found. Today, it is chosen ytterbium (symbol Yb).[61] [62] [63]

Meet also [edit]

  • Lists of stars
  • Listing of brightest stars
  • List of nearest bright stars
  • Historical brightest stars
  • Taurus (Chinese astronomy)

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • "Aldebaran ii". SolStation. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 14 Nov 2005.
  • Daytime occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon (Moscow, Russia) YouTube video

Coordinates: Sky map 04h 35k 55.2s, +16° 30′ 33″

costellonady1999.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran

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